Traitement neurochirurgical de la douleur chronique

Neurosurgical treatment of pain used two kind of techniques: 1) Lesional techniques interrupt the transmission of nociceptive neural input by lesionning the nociceptive pathways (drezotomy, cordotomy, tractotomy…). They are indicated to treat morphine-resistant cancer pain and few cases of selected neuropathic pain. 2) Neuromodulation techniques try to decrease pain by reinforcing inhibitory and/or to limit activatory mechanisms. Chronic electrical stimulation of the nervous system (peripheral nerve stimulation, spinal cord stimulation, motor cortex stimulation…) is used to treat chronic neuropathic pain. Intrathecal infusion of analgesics (morphine, ziconotide…), using implantable pumps, allows to increase their efficacy and to reduce their side effects. These techniques can improve, sometimes dramatically, selected patients with severe and chronic pain, refractory to all other treatments. The quality of the analgesic outcome depends on the relevance of the indications.     

大鼠胸段脊髓损伤后后肢神经肌肉的自然变化

目的:观察大鼠完全性脊髓损伤后损伤平面以下周围神经和骨骼肌的自然变化,为脊髓损伤治疗与康复相关基础研究提供科学依据。方法:将50只健康成年雌性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(A组)5只、假手术组(B组)10只和脊髓损伤组(C组)35只,B组行单纯椎板切除术;C组在椎板切除基础上用横断法制成T10完全脊髓损伤模型。分别对3组大鼠术前,B组术后1、2周,C组术后1、2、4、12、24周进行BBB评分,并检测腓肠肌的运动单位计数(motor unit number estimation,MUNE);再于各时间点处死大鼠,取坐骨神经和腓肠肌内侧头,应用光镜和透射电镜观察坐骨神经-运动终板-腓肠肌的形态变化。对3组所有结果进行对比分析。结果:C组术后各时间点的BBB评分与术前及A组、B组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),C组术后4周时的BBB评分与其他时间点比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。C组术前MUNE数值与A组、B组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);C组术后各时间点与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),术后4周与24周比较差异无统计学意义,其余各时间点比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。A组和B组术后1、2周时坐骨神经有髓神经纤维髓鞘外形正常。C组术后1、2周时与A组、B组无明显差异;4周时部分有髓神经纤维髓鞘崩解、板层分离;12周时髓鞘崩解明显增多,高倍电镜观察见崩解的髓鞘板层清晰;24周时有髓神经纤维髓鞘崩解、融合,新生神经纤维管细壁薄,无髓神经纤维增多,高倍电镜观察见崩解的髓鞘板层模糊。A组肌细胞肌束膜及肌内膜边界清晰,肌细胞核位于肌膜下方。B组术后1、2周时与对照组无明显区别。C组术后1、2周时,除肌细胞截面积轻度缩小外,与对照组无明显不同;4周时肌细胞截面积缩小,局部肌细胞破坏;12周时多数肌细胞边界模糊,细胞核相对聚集,结缔组织增生明显;24周时肌细胞融合,细胞核密集,融合细胞间可见大小不一空隙,结缔组织增生更加明显。A组和B组术后1、2周运动终板结构清晰完整。C组术后1、2、4周时运动终板结构较A组、B组无明显差别;术后12周时相对完好运动终板与破坏运动终板并存,高倍电镜下观察见突触前膜、突触间隙、突触后膜层次分明,各层结构内可见细小颗粒,突触间隙内可见多个类圆形突触小泡,肌板清晰,同时也可见突触皱褶及突触前、后膜不可辨,肌板结构不清晰;术后24周时找不到运动终板。结论:大鼠完全横断性脊髓损伤后损伤平面以下周围神经和骨骼肌形态结构随时间退变程度逐步加重甚至消失;损伤后12周时已有明显变化,24周时出现显著的结构损害和功能丧失。     

Prospective controlled cohort study to evaluate changes of function,activity and participation in patients with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy after Robot-enhanced repetitive treadmill therapy

BackgroundRobot-enhanced therapies are increasingly being used to improve gross motor performance in patients with cerebral palsy.AimTo evaluate gross motor function, activity and participation in patients with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy (BS-CP) after Robot-enhanced repetitive treadmill therapy (ROBERT) in a prospective, controlled cohort study.MethodsParticipants trained for 30–60 min in each of 12 sessions within a three-week-period. Changes in Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM 66) scores, standardized walking distance, self-selected and maximum walking speed (ICF domain “Activity”), and Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM; “Participation”) were measured. Outcome measures were assessed three weeks in advance (V1), the day before (V2) as well as the day after, and 8 weeks after ROBERT (V3 + V4).Results18 patients with BS-CP participated; age 11.5 (mean, range: 5.0–21.8) years, body weight 36.4 (15.0–72.0) kg. GMFCS levels I–IV were: n = 4; 5; 8; 1. There was no significant difference comparing V1 and V2. GMFM 66 (total +2.5 points, Dimension D +3.8 and E +3.2) and COPM (Performance +2.1 points, Satisfaction +1.8 points) showed statistically significant improvements for V3 or V4 compared to V1 or V2 representing clinically meaningful effect sizes. Age, GMFCS level, and repeated ROBERT blocks correlated negatively with GMFM improvement, but not with COPM improvement.InterpretationFollowing ROBERT, this prospective controlled cohort study showed significant and clinically meaningful improvements of function in ICF domains of “activity” and “participation” in patients with BS-CP. Further assessment in a larger cohort is necessary to allow more specific definition of factors that influence responsiveness to ROBERT program.     

Construction and validation of a questionnaire on the knowledge of healthy habits and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in schoolchildren

ObjectivesTo develop and analyze the reliability and validity of a questionnaire on the knowledge of healthy habits and risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CARDIOKID) to be used in schoolchildren.MethodsThe study included 145 children aged 7 to 11 years. The measured factors were the knowledge of healthy habits and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Cronbach's alpha and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to verify reliability, and exploratory factor analysis was used to assess the validity of the questionnaire.ResultsThe sample consisted of 60% females and 40% males. In factorial analysis, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test result was measures of sampling adequacy (MSA) = 0.81 and Bartlett's test of sphericity was X² = (66) = 458.64 (p < 0.001). In the factorial analysis with varimax rotation, two dimensions were defined. The “healthy habits” dimension was composed of five factors (ICC = 0.87 and α = 0.93) and the “cardiovascular risk factors” dimension was composed of seven factors (ICC = 0.83 and α = 0.91). In the individual factor analysis, Cronbach's alphas were between 0.93 and 0.91. Total variance was 46.87%. There were no significant differences between test and retest applications.ConclusionThe questionnaire presented satisfactory validity and reliability (internal consistency and reproducibility), allowing for its use in children.     

手运动相关脑功能皮层功能磁共振成像原理及临床应用

脑功能磁共振成像在脑的功能研究和神经外科手术制订上应用广泛.运动皮层在个体内定位稳定,手运动的复杂程度、频率、强度及单双侧不同,参与研究者的年龄和利手不同,都可激活不同的脑功能皮层;手运动区已成功用于各运动区外科手术前的定位,对探讨疾病的发生发展,神经损伤后的修复及脑功能皮层病变的摘除手术有重要意义.     

Functional roles of oral reflexes in chewing and biting: phase-, task- and site-dependent reflex sensitivity

Because loading during chewing is not totally predictable and jaw-closing muscles are strong and act over short distances, feedback from oral receptors is important in the control of mastication. Information on such feedback can be obtained by studying reflexes in jaw muscle EMGs. This review will deal with the contribution of reflex mechanisms to modifying motor neuron activity during chewing, and the dependency of reflex sensitivity on motor task, phase of movement, and site of stimulation.     

下肢机器人辅助脑卒中患者下肢运动功能康复的研究进展

脑卒中是指突然发生, 由脑血管疾病引起的局限性或全脑功能障碍, 持续时间超过24 h或引起死亡的临床综合征。运动训练是脑卒中患者康复治疗的重要环节, 有利于改善患者的身体功能。其中脑卒中患者在康复阶段需要进行下肢功能的训练, 目的是提高患者生存质量, 最终保证患者能够独立行走。由于治疗师的数量难以满足患者需求, 机器人在90年代被应用于康复领域, 以减少治疗师的体力劳动和保证治疗效果的稳定。下肢机器人作为新型医疗器具在多种联合治疗方案中取得一定成果。本文研究下肢机器人在脑卒中患者康复时的治疗效果, 以向康复治疗提供参考信息。     

诺西那生钠注射液治疗儿童脊髓性肌萎缩症疗效观察

目的:探讨脊髓性肌萎缩症(SMA)患儿应用诺西那生钠注射液的临床疗效及安全性。 方法:选取 2022 年 1-6 月于我院 接受诺西那生钠鞘内注射治疗的 SMA 患儿 26 例,于治疗当天(T0)、第 14 天(T1)、第 28 天(T2)及第 63 天(T3)评估并比较 Hammersmith 扩展功能运动量表(HFMSE)、上肢模块修订版(RULM)、6 分钟步行试验(6MWT)及不良反应发生情况。 结果:与 T0 比较,T3 时 HFMSE 评分升高[(20. 69± 14. 64 ) 分 vs. ( 23. 38± 15. 69) 分, P< 0. 01]。 与 T0 比较,T3 时 RULM 评分升高 [(18. 27±10. 15)分 vs. (19. 88±10. 21)分,P<0. 05]。 结论:SMA 患儿应用诺西那生钠注射液治疗后,HFMSE 和 RULM 评分显 著提高,近端肢体运动功能明显改善,且无明显不良反应发生     

Predictors of the conservative management outcomes in patients with lumbar herniated nucleus pulposus: A prospective study in Indonesia

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to identify the predictors of the conservative management outcomes in patients with lumbar herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP).MethodsA prospective study was conducted between June 2010 and April 2012 in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Clinical and baseline neurologic examinations such as passive straight leg raising test (SLRT), cross SLRT, and patellar and Achilles reflexes were assessed prior to the conservative management. The patients were evaluated at 2nd, 4th, 8th, 12th and 24th week following commencement of the conservative management.ResultsWe recruited and followed 171 HNP patients of which 35.7% of them had good outcome. At univariate analysis, patients with more than 12 months duration of complaint, those with dominant radicular pain, severe pain intensity (visual analogue scale 7–10), positive SLRT, positive cross SLRT, and reduced motor power of knee extensors (muscle strength grade 1–4), were associated with poor outcome. Multivariate analysis suggested that patients with dominant radicular type of pain were likely to had poor outcome compared to those with dominant back pain (odd ratio (OR) 10.57 with 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15–96.93). Patients with reduced motor power of knee extensors also had a higher chance to have poor outcome compared to those who were normal (OR: 10.57; 95% CI: 1.15–96.93).ConclusionType of pain and the strength of lower extremities could be able to predict the failure of conservative management in patients with lumbar disc herniation. However, further studies with the bigger sample size are warrant to validate our results.